New Discovery About the Helical Motion of Electrons in the Universe

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B

1. Calculation of Frequencies, Wavelengths, Amplitudes, and Properties of Electrons and Protons

2. New Explanation for Color Variety of Electrons in Various Trajectories

3. The Destructive Impact of Electrons in Various Trajectories

1. Calculation of Frequencies, Wavelengths, Amplitudes, and Properties of Electrons and Protons

In light of the previous articles, the electron's movement around the nucleus is a combination of several types of motions:

I. Planet-Like Motion: The electron orbits around the nucleus like a planet. This is a simple motion, and Newtonian laws govern it.

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B

II. Closed Helical Path Motion: As previously stated, "each electron revolves around itself at a speed close to the speed of light." This motion causes curvature in the path of the solar motion of the electron, transforming its path around the nucleus into a closed helix. Note that this motion is a back-and-forth movement.

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B

III. Spherical Motion Around the Nucleus: Atomic nuclei carry a positive charge, while electrons carry a negative charge. It can be said that atomic nuclei affect electrons. On the other hand, atomic nuclei rotate around themselves at a speed close to the speed of light. This rotation causes an additional rotational motion to be added to the helical path of electron motion. Consequently, the electron is rotating around the nucleus and sweeping the entire surface of a sphere with an atomic radius.

a. Calculating the Frequency of Electron of Hydrogen Atom

Given the helical path of electron motion around the nucleus, the frequency of its motion can be determined using the following equations and a straightforward method:

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B

So, in general, it can be said:

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B

Therefore, the frequency of a single electron in a hydrogen atom can be calculated as follows:

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B

In this context, 𝛌 represents the wavelength, C is the speed of light, and fe(H) denotes the frequency of the electron in the hydrogen atom. The parameter rH, equivalent to the radius, corresponds to the atomic radius of hydrogen. As another illustrative example, let's calculate the electron frequency for the outermost layer of a Gold atom:

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B
A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B

b. Calculating of the Frequency of Proton of Hydrogen Atom

It is quite clear that the Moon orbits around itself and around the Earth, which is itself rotating around its axis and around the Sun. The Sun, in turn, orbits around itself and around the central black hole of the Milky Way galaxy. The black hole is also in a state of rotation. Additionally, electrons orbit around themselves and around the nuclei of atoms. The nuclei, too, rotate around themselves at the speed of light [1]. Therefore, one can write a repeatable sinusoidal equation for the rotation of a proton around itself:

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B

In which r is the radius, and fp(H) is the frequency of proton of the hydrogen atom. Now, let's proceed to calculate the frequency of the atomic nucleus of Gold fp(AU):

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B
A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B
A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B
A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B

2. New Explanation for Color Variety of Electrons in Various Trajectories

Sometimes, electrons can be observed freely in nature; such as a spark generated from a wire, a lightning strike in nature, etc. However, upon closer inspection, they appear in various colors like yellow, blue, white, and so on. The reason for this color variety lies in the different frequencies of electrons in their various states. For instance, the frequency of lightning which produces colors like white, whereas the frequency of electrons emitted from a wire, typically displaying hues such as red and blue, is different. Essentially, different electron frequencies generate different colors.

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B

3. The Destructive Impact of Electrons in Various Trajectories

Given that the mass and speed of electron, among other factors, remain constant, its manifestation as lightning leads to severe destruction. In household electrical currents, this destruction is moderate, and in photoelectric currents, it is weak. The various effects of these types of currents can be attributed to the number of electrons present as well as their different frequencies. For instance, the approximate range of frequencies of electrons in photoelectric currents is around 1015 Hz, in household electrical currents is about 1016 Hz, for free electrons, it is 1017 Hz, in lightning is 1018 Hz, and for magnetars is about 1019 Hz.

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part B
Reference:

1. Saleh, Gh, and Reza Alizadeh. "The possibility of rotational motion of nuclei in atoms." APS Meeting Abstracts. Vol. 2020. 2020.

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part A

It is commonly understood that electrons revolve around their nucleus at speeds nearing the speed of light. As a result of this movement, an "electron cloud" could be formed around the nuclei. The region where electrons can exist is referred to as the orbital.

One of the simplest models to describe orbitals is the solar system model. It means the electron moves in a simple and closed orbit around its central nucleus. However, it is important to note that the simple orbital motion of electrons around the nucleus cannot generate an "electron cloud" around it.

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part A

However, in previous articles, it was mentioned that after emitting from the electron, a photon traverses a helical path. This movement can also be considered for the electron. In such a manner, an electron also possesses a helical motion around the nucleus, the creation of electron clouds results from this type of motion. (The lightnings observed in nature vividly indicate the helical motion of electrons.)

In other words, considering an atom composed of a central nucleus and electrons orbiting around it at speeds close to the speed of light in a closed rotational motion, we explain the concepts of "Orbitals" and "electron clouds".

However, the electron also revolves around itself at a very high speed. Therefore, the trajectory of its motion becomes a closed simple curve. Which represents the trajectory of a closed curve with wave- like motion.

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part A

Moreover, it has already been proven that atomic nuclei also rotate around themselves at extremely high speeds. As a result of this rotation, the surrounding electrons also move in closed circular paths.

The combination of these three types of motion can consistently indicate the presence of electrons within their orbitals. The outcome of combining their trajectories and high speeds demonstrates a state where the electron appears to be continuously moving in a path on a sphere around its nucleus's surface, exhibiting a constant presence at every point along that sphere.

A New Explanation for the Formation and Structure of Orbitals (1s2) in the Universe 2024, Part A
Notice:

The 1s2 orbital contains two electrons, and the two electrons are consistently positioned facing each other. However, in some depictions, the two electrons may be observed positioned alongside, the reality is that at all moments, they are positioned directly facing each other. This is due to the best balance and equilibrium that exist in the resultant forces in this model.

New Discoveries About the Speed of Electromagnetic Waves 2024 Part A

New Discoveries About the Speed of Electromagnetic Waves 2024 Part B

Saleh Theory
A Revolution in Light Theory

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