Introducing the Photon as String

In previous articles, we had introduced the structure of electrons, protons, and neutrons, stating that electrons are like a shell on hollow spheres, protons are dense spheres, and neutrons are a combination of the two – a solid sphere within a spherical shell – all of which are constructed from photons. We also elaborated on the reasons for this structure's validity.

Furthermore, we verified the photon's physical parameters and demonstrated that it is a particle with a constant mass. However, when this particle with a constant mass is emitted from an electron and travels individually, it moves in a nested helical path. This path results from the rotational motion of the photon's source, the electron, around itself and the nucleus.

In this article, we address the significant point that, considering the nested helical motion of photons, we can describe 5 + 5 + 1 dimensions of movement for them. The nested or double helical motion comprises two helices. Movement along the first helical path requires 5 degrees of freedom, thus allowing 5 dimensions of movement to be attributed to it. Similarly, five degrees of freedom, or dimensions of movement, can also be attributed to the second helix. Combined with the photon's rotational motion around itself, a total of 10 + 1 movements can be defined for the photon. Therefore, the photon could be a suitable candidate to be introduced as a string.

References:

[1] Saleh, Gh. "A New Explanation for the Photon, a New Atom." Saleh Theory, 26 May. 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-explanation-for-the-photon-a-new-atom

[2] Saleh, Gh. "A New Explanation for the Constancy of All Parameters of Photons." Saleh Theory, 26 May. 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-explanation-for-the-constancy-of-all-parameters-of-photons

[3] Saleh, Gh. "A New Explanation for the Nature of String and Superstring." Saleh Theory, 04 Mar. 2023, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-explanation-for-the-nature-of-string-and-superstring

[4] Saleh, Gh. "A new explanation for introducing photon as string and sub-photon as superstring." APS New England Section Spring Meeting Abstracts. 2023.

[5] Saleh, Gh. "The Possibility of Introducing Photon as String by Several Reasons." APS New England Section Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2023.

[6] Saleh, Gh. "Photon or the Superstring." APS New England Section Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2022.

[7] Saleh, Gh, M. J. Faraji, and Reza Alizadeh. "A new explanation for the nature of the superstring and the manner of its creation." APS Division of Nuclear Physics Meeting Abstracts. 2021.

[8] Saleh, Gh, et al. "Superstring Theory & The Structure of Electron, Proton and Neutron." APS Division of Nuclear Physics Meeting Abstracts. 2020.

[9] Saleh, Gh, R. Alizadeh, and A. Dalili. "Proof of the speed of faster than light in the universe and Clarifying the nature of supersymmetric strings." International Conference on Applied Physics and Mathematics. 2019.

[10] Saleh, Gh, et al. "The Superstring Theory and the Shape of Protons and Electrons." MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology 4.2 (2018): 149-157.

[11] Saleh, Gh, et al. "The discovery of the nature of superstring theory." 5th International Conference on Theoretical and Applied Physics. 2018.

[12] Saleh, Gh. "1+10 Motions of Photon." Saleh Theory, 26 Oct. 2017, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/110-motions-of-photon

[13] Saleh, Gh. "The Discovery of the Nature of Superstring Theory." Saleh Theory, 27 Oct. 2017, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/the-discovery-of-the-nature-of-superstring-theory