New Explanation Concerning Photon Constants Part C
Having the same shape and structure, the constant momentum, and the various types of rotational motion of photon in the universe

A) The shape and structure of photons are similar

Based on Saleh theory, the photon, which is considered the fundamental building block of the universe, is not a simple particle. It is made of "Cidtonium". Its structure is composed of a central part called "Cidtone" and surrounding particles called "Saleh particles". These Saleh particles are believed to be rotating around the Cidtone. Also, just as other subatomic particles such as electrons and protons all have the same shape and structure, photons also have the same structure and shape and are no exception to this. Photons also have a spin around themselves, which creates a third helix motion.

B) The various types of rotational motion of photons are similar

If we look at the Milky Way galaxy, we find that stars, including the Sun, revolve around a central black hole. If we consider our own Solar System, we observe that planets, including Earth, rotate around the Sun. This orbital motion, in the next stage, extends to the natural satellites of planets, including the Moon. While the path of Earth's motion around the Sun is nearly circular on a small scale, if we also consider the Sun's motion around the central black hole of the Milky Way galaxy, the path of Earth's motion becomes helical. On a galactic scale, the Moon's orbit is slightly different because the Moon orbits around the Earth, the Earth orbits around the Sun, and the Sun, in turn, orbits around the central black hole of the Milky Way galaxy. Therefore, Earth follows a helical path, but the Moon follows two helical paths. In other words, given that each moon orbits around its planet and each planet orbits around its central sun, the combination of orbits 1 and 2 creates a helical pathway for a moon. If a star’s orbit around its central galactic black hole, which is a closed curve path, is added to the moon's path, the final path will be a combination of paths 1, 2, and 3. And, the path of the moon will be a nested helical orbit.

The emission of a photon from an electron is a projectile motion that causes the photon to be emitted at the speed of light “C”. However, the electron itself possesses a rotational motion around the nucleus; the combination of these two motions results in the emitted photon moving along a helical path. In fact, the first helical motion of a photon results from the combination of the linear projectile motion caused by the emission from the electron and the rotational motion of the electron around the nucleus of the atom.

Also, the electron has its own rotational motion around itself, called spin. Since the radius of an electron is much larger than that of a photon (around 200 times larger), an additional rotational motion is imposed on the photon. This results in the creation of another helix, which we refer to as a small helix.

Therefore, when a photon is emitted from an electron, it will have two small and large helical motions with a constant linear speed of “C”.

C) The amount of momentum of photons is constant

Now, if we want to study the momentum of photons, we must first consider the momentum formula, which is equal to:

Since we have established in previous articles that the speed and mass of a photon are constant, both parameters in the equation remain unchanged, so the momentum of photons is also constant.

References:

[1] Saleh, Gh. "New Proof of Photon Velocity (V_T= 3.3 C) Utilising Mathematical Equations, Physical Laws and the Experiments of MIT and Michigan University in the Universe 2025 Part A." Saleh Theory, 26 Apr. 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-proof-of-photon-velocity-vsubtsub-33-c-utilising-mathematical-equations-physical-laws-and-the-experiments-of-mit-and-michigan-university-in-the-universe-2025-part-a

[2] Saleh, Gh. "New Proof of Photon Velocity (V_T= 3.3 C) Utilising Ever-True Planck Energy Equation and Kinetic Energy Equation in the Universe 2025 Part B." Saleh Theory, 03 May 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-proof-of-photon-velocity-vsubtsub-33-c-utilising-ever-true-planck-energy-equation-and-kinetic-energy-equation-in-the-universe-2025-part-b

[3] Saleh, Gh. "New Proof of Photon Velocity (V_T= 3.3 C) Utilising the Young's Double-Slit Experiment and the Motional Model of Emitted Photons from Electrons in the Universe 2025 Part C." Saleh Theory, 03 May 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-proof-of-photon-velocity-vsubtsub-33-c-utilising-the-youngs-double-slit-experiment-and-the-motional-model-of-emitted-photons-from-electrons-in-the-universe-2025-part-c

[4] Saleh, Gh. "A New Explanation for the Constancy of All Parameters of Photons." Saleh Theory, 26 May. 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-explanation-for-the-constancy-of-all-parameters-of-photons

[5] Saleh, Gh. "A New Proof of the Constancy of Photon Mass Using Its Initial Energy." Saleh Theory, 06 Mar. 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-proof-of-the-constancy-of-photon-mass-using-its-initial-energy

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[13] Saleh, Gh. "The Helical Motion of Photons; The Proof of Wave-Particle Duality of Photons." APS Meeting Abstracts. 2023.

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[15] Saleh, Gh. "10 Great Reasons for Helical Motion of Photon." APS Meeting Abstracts. 2022.

[16] Saleh, Gh. "The structure and shape of the Electron." APS Division of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Meeting Abstracts. Vol. 2022. 2022.

[17] Saleh, Gh, M. J. Faraji, and Reza Alizadeh. "The structure of an electron and calculation the actual energy of that." 2021 Meeting of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society (DPF21. 2021.

[18] Saleh, Gh, et al. "The Structure of Photon Based on Saleh Theory." MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology 6.2 (2020): 4145

[19] Saleh, Gh, and M. J. Faraji. "Photon, a new atom (Primary building blocks of Electrons, Protons and Neutrons)." Joint Fall 2020 Meeting of the Texas Sections of APS. 2020.

[20] Saleh, Gh, et al. "3 Dimensional Motion of Photon and Its Energy." EPJ Web of Conferences. Vol. 238. EDP Sciences, 2020.

[21] Saleh, Gh, R. Alizadeh, and A. Dalili. "The relationship between the wavelength and evanescent intensity of a wave in optical fiber and the explanation of the structure of Photon as a new atom in Saleh Theory." International conference on Nanophotonics and Electronics (Nanophotonics2020. 2020.

[22] Saleh, Gh., Alizadeh, R., Khezri, M. R., and Kaboli, K. "The Proof of the Existence of the Constant Rest Mass for Photons in Several Ways." Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2020.

[23] Saleh, Gh, et al. "3 Dimensional Motion of Photon and Its Energy." EPJ Web of Conferences. Vol. 238. EDP Sciences, 2020.

[24] Saleh, Gh., Faraji, M. J., Alizadeh, R., and Dalili, A. "A New Explanation for the Color Variety of Photons." MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 186, 2018, article 01003.

[25] Saleh, Gh. "Photon has a Constant Rest Mass!." Saleh Theory, 16 Mar. 2018, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/photon-has-a-constant-rest-mass

[26] Saleh, Gh. "The Unseen World of Photon." Saleh Theory, 16 Jul. 2017, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/the-unseen-world-of-photon

[27] Saleh, Gh. "A Revolution in Light Theory." Saleh Theory, 11 Apr. 2017, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-revolution-in-light-theory