Proofing the Photon as Atom of Fundamental Particles (Electron, Proton, etc.) Utilizing Simple Existing Phenomenon and Mathematical-Physical Calculations in the Universe 2025

A) Existing Phenomenon:

1. Photon Emissions from Light Bulbs

Wherever we go these days, we undoubtedly encounter numerous light bulbs emitting photons due to electron motion in wires and filaments. Simply put, photon emission occurs whenever an electron follows a specific trajectory. So, the electrons serve as the mother and generator of photons in nature.

2. Electron Generation via Wireless Charging for Mobile Phones, Watches, etc.

Observing a typical wireless charger—widely available today—reveals that mobile phones can recharge without a direct wired connection to transfer and store electrons. Instead, they recover lost electrons consumed by the display and other functions through electromagnetic waves transmitted between the phone and the wireless charging device. These waves effectively convert into electrons, which are then stored in the phone’s battery.

3. Nuclear Explosion of Heavy Atoms such as Uranium

If we consider a nuclear explosion, a few grams of uranium release an immense amount of energy in a fraction of a second, accompanied by intense light emission. This process occurs due to the release of nuclear energy stored in uranium, producing a tremendous amount of thermal and luminous energy. This abundant emitted light results from the breakdown of protons and neutrons of the nucleus, which are rapidly released, generating extraordinary numbers of photons.

4. Stellar Radiation in the Universe

Observing a burning star, it can be seeing continuous photon emission, which sustains the surrounding cosmic environment. If a star loses 10% of its mass, it reaches the threshold of collapse. However, assuming it continues burning indefinitely, over billions of years, it gradually diminishes in size. Actually, this indicates that a significant portion of the star’s mass is converted into photons. Consequently, elements such as hydrogen and helium, as they deplete, transform into free photons.

Conclusion:

Considering the electromagnetic spectrum range, which encompasses infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and other waves, alongside the uncomplicated experiment and observations presented in this study, it is evident that both electrons and protons can generate photons. Additionally, electromagnetic waves possess the capability to produce electrons. Thus, it can be concluded that the atom of fundamental particles, such as electrons and protons, are essentially the same Angel Photon, which serve as the primary source of light, heat, photosynthesis, and, ultimately, life in the universe.

B) Mathematical and Physical Calculations:

Since a photon is emitted from an excited electron, and this electron has rotational motion around itself and the nucleus of an atom, the motion of the emitted photon must be a combination of linear projectile motion and the electron's rotational motions around itself and around the nucleus. The combination of linear motion and the rotation of electron around the nucleus creates a helical motion. When this is combined with the electron's self-rotation, a second helical motion is generated. Hence, a photon released from an electron has a nested helical motion. Initially, we will calculate the speed of the photon in this nested helical path and then use this speed to calculate the classical energy of the photon and its relation to Planck's everlasting energy equation.

1. Introduction

To show the hundred-year-old lost relation between classical energy and Planck’s energy, we first calculate the various speeds of the photon.

1.1. Calculation of the Linear Speed of Photon

In these calculations, we find that if a photon traverses the straight distance between the points O and B (which is the same wavelength λ) in one period T, its speed equals:

However, it has been experimentally proven that this value is indeed C.

1.2. Calculation of the Wave Speed of Photon

If we consider the photon's motion along its curved path, we find that the distance travelled by the photon between points O and B exceeds λ. The actual distance travelled by the photon divided by the time taken T, gives us the photon's wave speed over one complete cycle.

1.3. Calculation of the True Speed of Photon in the First Helix

In its first helical motion, the photon’s speed is the result of its linear speed and its wave speed, which are perpendicular to each other. Therefore, the true speed can be calculated using the following equation:

1.4. Calculation of the Speed of Photon in the Nested Helix

The motion in the nested helix results from the combination of two wave motions and one linear motion. The two wave motions are aligned and perpendicular to the linear motion, so the total speed is:

2. Calculation of the Classical Kinetic Energy of Photons

In this part, we calculate the energy of photon considering its helical motion:

Initial total kinetic energy = Linear energy + Rotational energy

= Translational energy + Rotational energy

E_T = E_R + E_L

Where E_T is the initial kinetic energy, which is always constant and equals half the mass of the photon m_p times the square of the nested helical speed V_T:

This energy consists of two parts: rotational energy of photon E_R, which depends on the constant angular velocity and the variable rotational radius:

The second part is the translational (linear) energy, which equals the same energy measured by Planck in the laboratory, i.e., Planck’s constant times the frequency:

The sum of rotational and translational energy is always constant and equals the total energy, so the following equations can be written:

Now, we divide the first equation by the constant E_T:

We define the two variable parameters as follows:

The following result can be derived from the above equations:

In other words, each of the translational energy E_L and rotational energy E_R be considered as a fraction of the total energy E_T.

Since the total energy E_T is always constant, it can be understood that as the rotational radius r increases, the rotational energy increases and the translational energy decreases, resulting in a decrease in frequency f, and vice versa. As the rotational radius r decreases, the rotational energy decreases and the translational energy increases, increasing in frequency f.

Thus, the following graphs of the variations in translational energy E_L and rotational energy E_R relative to the rotational radius r can be drawn:

2.1. Calculation of Frequency at the Point of Equality between Translational and Rotational Energy

Now, we calculate the frequency at which the translational energy E_L and rotational energy E_R of the photon are equal:

This frequency f_G corresponds to green light in the visible spectrum. At this frequency, the rotational energy equals the translational energy, and i_R = i_L = 1/2. Considering the frequency range of visible light, it can be said that in the frequency range of 300 THz to 900 THz, the range of i_R and i_L will be as follows:

In fact, the relationship between i_L and f (Terahertz) can be written as follows:

2.2. Relationship between Planck's Energy Equation and Classical Kinetic Energy (Planck-Saleh Energy Equation)

From the equivalence of translational energy with Planck's energy equation, we can write:

We call the constant value the Saleh constant "S" and rewrite the above equation as follows:

This equation is called the Planck-Saleh equation, where S is the Saleh energy constant and i is a variable coefficient equal to i_L and indicates the variations in translational energy.

References:

[1] Saleh, Gh. "A New Proof of the Constancy of Photon Mass Using Its Initial Energy." Saleh Theory, 06 Mar. 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-proof-of-the-constancy-of-photon-mass-using-its-initial-energy

[2] Saleh, Gh. "New Discoveries in Quantum and the Theory of Everything (2025)." Saleh Theory, 15 Dec. 2024, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/new-discoveries-in-quantum-and-the-theory-of-everything-2025

[3] Saleh, Gh. " Discovery of the Hundred-Year-Old Lost Mathematical and Physical Relationship Between the Classical Kinetic Energy of Photons and Planck's Everlasting Experimental Equation in the Universe (Planck-Saleh Energy Equation)." Saleh Theory, 28 Jun. 2024, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/discovery-of-the-hundred-year-old-lost-mathematical-and-physical-relationship-between-the-classical-kinetic-energy-of-photons-and-plancks-everlasting-experimental-equation-in-the-universe-planck-saleh-energy-equation

[4] Saleh, Gh. "New, Marvelous and Revolutionary Discoveries About Photon." Saleh Theory, 07 Sep. 2023, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/new-marvelous-and-revolutionary-discoveries-about-photon

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[10] Saleh, Gh, R. Alizadeh, and A. Dalili. "The relationship between the wavelength and evanescent intensity of a wave in optical fiber and the explanation of the structure of Photon as a new atom in Saleh Theory." International conference on Nanophotonics and Electronics (Nanophotonics2020. 2020.

[11] Saleh, Gh, and M. J. Faraji. "Photon, a new atom (Primary building blocks of Electrons, Protons and Neutrons)." Joint Fall 2020 Meeting of the Texas Sections of APS. 2020.

[12] Saleh, Gh, et al. "The Structure of Photon Based on Saleh Theory." MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology 6.2 (2020): 4145

[13] Saleh, Gh, et al. "A new explanation for the color variety of photons." MATEC Web of Conferences. Vol. 186. EDP Sciences, 2018.

[14] Saleh, Gh. "Photon has a Constant Rest Mass!." Saleh Theory, 16 Mar. 2018, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/photon-has-a-constant-rest-mass

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[16] Saleh, Gh. "A Revolution in Light Theory." Saleh Theory, 11 Apr. 2017, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-revolution-in-light-theory