A New Explanation for the Constancy of All Parameters of Photons

1- Speed:

The speed of photons, or the speed of light, has been calculated numerous times in various experiments. Although these experiments have consistently measured the linear speed of photons and proven its constancy, in our previous articles, we have calculated the wave, rotational, and other speeds, demonstrating that these speeds are also always constant.

2- Mass:

2.1. Considering that each photon emits from an electron, and the mass of all electrons is identical and constant, so:

Furthermore, the velocity of electrons is also constant. Consequently, if a photon emits from an electron, it will not differ from other photons, and therefore the mass of photons, as a physical parameter, will be equal:

2.2. In previous articles, we have described different velocities for the photon and proved that the various types of a photon's velocity – linear, wave-like, rotational, etc. – are always constant. As a result, it can be said that the mass of photons will be constant. This is because a photon emitting from an electron undergoes a projectile motion, which transfers a specific and constant energy to the photon, propelling it into its surroundings. Consequently, since the photon's velocity will be constant everywhere, its mass must be constant too.

2.3. Given that the method for calculating the energy of photons involves using Planck's ever-valid relation (E=hf) – where h is a constant (Planck's constant) and f is the frequency, and changes in frequency (wavelength, radius of rotation, and amplitude) are the influential variables for calculating photon energy, with the mass parameter never affecting this equation – it can be concluded that the mass of a photon must be always constant.

3- Volume:

If the volume of photons were different, it would be expected that photons would possess different velocities. This is because, with a constant density, as the volume increases, the mass also increases. With a constant energy, this could lead to a reduction in velocity. However, given that the velocity is always constant and we observe no changes in mass, we therefore observe no changes in volume. It can thus be concluded that the volume of each photon is equal to that of any other photon.

4- Energy:

Given that photons are emitted by electrons, and that different photons emitted from a single electron acquire the same initial energy, it can be concluded that the total energy of each photon is equivalent to that of any other photon and represents a constant value.

Conclusion:

Based on the explanations above, it could generally be stated that the photon is a stable particle with a constant mass, constant velocity, constant volume, and so on. In other words, the aforementioned parameters of this particle are always constant, regardless of its location or situation.

References:

[1] Saleh, Gh. "New Proof of Photon Velocity (V_T= 3.3 C) Utilising Mathematical Equations, Physical Laws and the Experiments of MIT and Michigan University in the Universe 2025 Part A." Saleh Theory, 26 Apr. 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-proof-of-photon-velocity-vsubtsub-33-c-utilising-mathematical-equations-physical-laws-and-the-experiments-of-mit-and-michigan-university-in-the-universe-2025-part-a

[2] Saleh, Gh. "New Proof of Photon Velocity (V_T= 3.3 C) Utilising Ever-True Planck Energy Equation and Kinetic Energy Equation in the Universe 2025 Part B." Saleh Theory, 03 May 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-proof-of-photon-velocity-vsubtsub-33-c-utilising-ever-true-planck-energy-equation-and-kinetic-energy-equation-in-the-universe-2025-part-b

[3] Saleh, Gh. "New Proof of Photon Velocity (V_T= 3.3 C) Utilising the Young's Double-Slit Experiment and the Motional Model of Emitted Photons from Electrons in the Universe 2025 Part C." Saleh Theory, 03 May 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-proof-of-photon-velocity-vsubtsub-33-c-utilising-the-youngs-double-slit-experiment-and-the-motional-model-of-emitted-photons-from-electrons-in-the-universe-2025-part-c

[4] Saleh, Gh. "A New Proof of the Constancy of Photon Mass Using Its Initial Energy." Saleh Theory, 06 Mar. 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-proof-of-the-constancy-of-photon-mass-using-its-initial-energy

[5] Saleh, Gh. "New, Marvelous and Revolutionary Discoveries About Photon." Saleh Theory, 07 Sep. 2023, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/new-marvelous-and-revolutionary-discoveries-about-photon

[6] Saleh, Gh. "Photon Could Have the Rest Mass." 2023 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Power Engineering (AIPE). IEEE, 2023.

[7] Saleh, Gh. "The structure and shape of the Electron." APS Division of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Meeting Abstracts. Vol. 2022. 2022.

[8] Saleh, Gh, and M. J. Faraji. "Photon, a new atom (Primary building blocks of Electrons, Protons and Neutrons)." Joint Fall 2020 Meeting of the Texas Sections of APS. 2020.

[9] Saleh, Gh, M. J. Faraji, and Reza Alizadeh. "The structure of an electron and calculation the actual energy of that." 2021 Meeting of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society (DPF21. 2021.

[10] Saleh, Gh, et al. "3 Dimensional Motion of Photon and Its Energy." EPJ Web of Conferences. Vol. 238. EDP Sciences, 2020.

[11] Saleh, Gh, et al. "The Structure of Photon Based on Saleh Theory." MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology 6.2 (2020): 4145

[12] Saleh, Gh. "Photon has a Constant Rest Mass!." Saleh Theory, 16 Mar. 2018, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/photon-has-a-constant-rest-mass

[13] Saleh, Gh. "A Revolution in Light Theory." Saleh Theory, 11 Apr. 2017, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-revolution-in-light-theory